Political Fearism -
"Father of political science Thomas Hobbes and fear were born twins, they lived together and died together."
"A man is by birth a rational and fearful animal, life is a process of fearlessness."
After reading a quote of Hobbes, I started to think of his philosophy from a fearism perspective. I have given it the name Fearolotical (Fear+Political=Fearolotical). Simple logic behind it is; fear precedes politics.
Character of the state of nature is Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, no preservation, war, threatening, warning, danger, death, killing, violence, insecure=fear
Character of the state of sovereignty is government, institution, power, court, law, justice, prison, punishment, command, authority, order, preservation, force=fearless
.A man, government, or institution starts when switched on (fear on). Appearance of fear is silent in Hobbes's entire philosophy, not visible but active like under the eraser of Derrida. He says, "Liberty is in silence of law ". (Hobbes146) I say, "Law wakes up; when fear rings bell.-" Fear is gravity and motion, fear (>) is greater than (<) other emotions. It can be scientific and mathematically explained because Hobbes preferred scientific presentation. So, our motions (life) move towards fearlessness. In below images, fear and fearless activities are motion of fear-gravity. The state of nature was between two fears as sandwich (before coinage and after avoiding).
Political philosophy (Fear+Political=Fearolotical) philosophy can be understood exclusively (Hobbes) of Thomas Hobbes was born because of fear (state of nature and civil war of England). According to him, the nature of man was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short (Hobbes 83-84). His famous quotation was he was born twins with fear. He was not only born twins with fear; he lived with fear and died with fear. He had preferred absolute monarchy; it was his best system to preserve life. Core part of the whole philosophy is in the heart of preservation. Again, preservation can be defined as binary of fear. It means he had feared all the time. No preservation, war, threatening, warning, danger, death, killing, violence, and insecure were to fear. In the state of nature man had a special character that was rational. Using his distinct attribute, he avoided the state of nature.
Preservation, protection and security was his priority. We can read it starting at the end of The Leviathan. It looks common for all the people; as a Fearism author, I look at everything; life to cosmos in Fearism perspective.
It is obvious that since the beginning of his life, fear has played a great role. Prior to the civil war in England, he guessed that the situation was worsening. It was the Fear of unknown happening, thus he left England and lived in Paris. Though in Paris; fear was chasing him all the way of his life. It couldn't detach from the body, it was the shadow of life. He was looking for external solution, but it dwelled within him.
He exiled himself in 1640 and wrote the Leviathan when he was in Paris. He thought the accident of Socrates might repeat to him. Same phenomena happened to Aristotle 323 B. C. Such chaotic and fearful situations played a major role in his thinking. Hobbes applied fearful life, and environmental fact in fearolotical philosophy to draw people's attention. He wanted to make scientific laws like the law of gravity and motion. Law of gravity is the law of fear. How much magnetic power fear had; nothing had in comparison to fear. Every compass of life was attracted by fear (magnetic fear). Omitting the fear from the state; state would be paralyzed. It proves that the state of gravity was fear. Fear had the powerful magnetic and hypnotized power. One needle of fear was towards him and he wanted to turn that needle to the political direction. His political direction was the political science. This political science is what I called 'Fearoloticalogy'.
A man used his reason to avoid the state of nature. He explored and found the law of divine and law of man. He mixed up both and developed political science. In the round figure, the political theory of Hobbes is a theory of fear and fearlessness. It is an image of his state and he writes about state as:
- The old poet said that the gods were at first created by human fear :( Hobbes 72)
-"The gods were at first created by human fear. "The old poet is very true. In philosophy of Fearism (2014) I have written that god is a fear. In the state of nature, there was nothing except fears of starvation, animals, and natural powers. These calamities were a risk of life. So, they started to worship them as a god. After many years, people began to fear them, which they established.
A man, who looks too far before him, in the care of future time, hath his heart all day long, gnawed on by fear of death, poverty, or other calamity; and has no repose, nor pause of his anxiety, but in sleep.(ibid 72)
-Fear of death, evil, poverty, or other calamity is the bottom line of a man. For being that there be causes of all things that have arrived hitherto or shall arrive hereafter; are cause of fears.
Hereby it is manifested, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, and they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as is of every man against every man. (ibid 83-84)
-"They were in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as is of every man against every man." It is a famous dictum of Hobbes in 17th century; it is very practical hitherto now. It was that time men lived without a common power to keep them all in awe. In normal conditions, we seek friends, relatives, when abnormal situation appears, all goes to deem it and self – preservation comes forward. It happens when food becomes scarce like a shortage of masks and sanitizer nowadays. In the state of nature, nobody had a food store. It was the reason; war was against every man. In the fearism it is written, man has stronger war than dog that fights for the bone. Man's fear- struggle is more dangerious than animal fighting because man can use rational, nepotism, bribes, conspiracy, flattery and force.
THE RIGHT OF NATURE, which writers commonly call just naturale, is the liberty each man hath, to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature; that is to say, of his own life, and consequently, of doing anything, which in his own judgment, and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto. (ibid 86)
-For the preservation of the right of nature of a man; that is to say, of his own life; and consequence.
A LAW OF NATURE, (lex naturalis) is a percept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving the same; and to omit, that, by which he thinketh it may be best preserved. (ibid 86)
-A law of nature, which is forbidden to do, that is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving the same, so he wanted to avoid it because he didn't see any preservation there. Omit, that, by which he thought it may be best preserved. It was the thinking of Hobbes.
The mutual transferring of right is that which men call CONTRACT. ((ibid 89)
-At last the nature of the state reached the position of CONTRACT. It was the mutual transferring of rights to save the lives. According to Hobbes, the best solution and option to exit from the solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short was contract.
Good and evil, are names that signify our appetites, and aversions. (ibid 105)
-Appetites, and aversions is also a famous dictum of Hobbes. Appetite was the prime reason for war. Limited food couldn't fulfill the appetite, to find more; needed to invade others. No one could sit silent; their appetite didn't let a man sit in rest and peace because if it didn't fulfill, chances would be to lose the life. Increasing appetite was the cause of enemies. A man was always sandwiched between fear of being hungry and fear of the enemy. How to do the best to preserve life? It was the final cause. Aversion was a secondary action. If a man didn't like or fear, he had a way of aversion. In some cases fear chases a man.
If they think good, to a monarch, as absolutely, as to any other representative. (ibid 123)
-In te concept of Hobbes; he mentioned that an absolute monarch is the best political system. Absolute monarch can secure life better than assembling.
And thus I have brought to end my Discourse of Civil and Ecclesiastical Government, occasioned by the disorders of the present time, without partiality, without application, and without order design than to set before man's eyes the mutual relation between protection and obedience; of which the condition of human nature, and the law of divine, (both natural and positive) require an inviolable observation. (ibid475)
-At the end Hobbes in his Fearolotical philosophy; Discourse of Civil and Ecclesiastical Government, he focused on the mutual relation between protection and obedience. Base of his state was protection; it was his first priority. Outstanding were supportive to the protection.
Conclusion
It shows that man abandoned the state of nature because of many problems and fears. He made a social contract, in the contract; it is doctrine that; sovereignty may be assembly, absolute monarchy and institution. To sovereignty, through the contract, he gave all his natural rights except self – preservation. In the state of nature, self-preservation was in danger; so, he left it. If preservation was dangerious in the state, he could revolt against the government because this right was not handed over to the state. At any cost and at any means preservation was the most important. If there was no life everything would be useless. To avoid the fear of the state of nature; he created an artificial social contract and handed over to absolutely power (monarchy, government and commonwealth).Entire political philosophy of Hobbes wandered around the hide and seek of fear and fearlessness. Not only his theory; theory of John Locke, J.J. Rousseau, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Karl Marx are also in the periphery of fear, but it is veil. A man is by birth a rational and fearful animal. For any kind of contract there was a hidden fear. The state of nature was the state of fear for a man because a man was by birth rational and fearful. He had a great war against his fears rather than his enemy. A man lived with external and internal fears; he had war against his fears all the time. It was known as fear struggle in the history of Fearism.
What was the incident Hobbes wanted to avoid the state of nature, pin point was fear. Cruel civil war he faced and it struck him. He has taken the state of nature as its backbone. His state of nature is hard liner, Locke softer and the Rousseau the softest. After reading him and sharing experience, we can say, a man by birth is a fearful animal and life is the process of fearlessness. Political Fearism is a faculty of Philosophy of Fearism.
He has a long reference about the Bible and explanation in the last chapters. His advocating the absolute monarchy. He had a good relationship with royal families. Hobbes was against power division. He argued that share power means sharing punishment, reward and law. It developed powerless sovereignty. As a consequence; it could beget an unhealthy society. He followed the absolute power system of God. God never shared his power; that was the reason; everyone followed him because everyone got terrified with him. One point was mismatching; in the kingdom of a man, people can revolt the government if danger comes for the preservation but it was impossible in the kingdom of the God.
It is an example article of Rephilosophy. In Philosophy of Fearism (2014), I have used Dephilosophy; now using Rephilosophy. Dephilosophy needs to deconstruct first but in rephilosophy, it doesn't require. It can be directly rephilosophy means rethink or re-analyze.
(I have taken reference from the book of Thomas Hobbes the Leviathan. In the article I have shown the fearism effect on his political theory and invisible fear was the important to invent political science.)
This article is edited by David Nwaobi, Osinakachi Akuma Kalu, Bhawani Shankar Adhikary and Rachelle Roberthon Favaloro.
Reference
- Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Oxford World's Classics Edited with an introduction and noted by J.C.A.Gaskin1996 (Mostly I have taken reference from it.)
- DeshSubba, Philosophy of Fearism (2014) Xlibris
- https://fearlessnessmovement.ning.com/blog/existence-of-fear-precedes-essence-desh-subba
- https://fearlessnessmovement.ning.com/blog/knowledge-is-fear-existence-of-fear-precedes-power-is-death-of-fe
- https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/111138
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxEZukcNidM
Comments
Sorry I didn´t know Robin's book. All feelings have and object means a special intention or sense. About fear, I'd say fear has an intention, but Angst not. Because I say the Subba's fear is not fear in a simple way, but the deep Angst without sense.
I totally agree with you about the similarity between fear and anguish. A study on the connection between this two feelings (I'm not sure this definition could fit here) is needed, especially considering that in the wide panorama of Existentialism the lack of certainties that is both linked with fear and anguish leads to really different consequences, from the nausea of Sartre to the astonishment of Hersch, passing through the absurd in Camus or the shipwreck in Jaspers and the feeling of Greek "deinon/deinotes" in Heidegger, just to quote some. I think the study should focus on the philosophical/phenomenological point of view that places fear in a wider horizon of meaning. As I have said many times to Desh, fear can somehow precede essence in existence, but I think that something even deeper could be found, when digging with stronger ontological/metaphysical showels.
Hi, Piergiacomo. If we compares Sartre, Heidegger and Camus, I think is Jaspers who developped the "wider horizon of meaning" about, because he was psychriatrist. His books show the link between philosophy and mental medicine. Heidegger wanted show the link between Angst and Dasein. Sartre developped the link between consciencie and Nothingness. Camus showed the fate.
Well I work on Hersch, whose reference and teacher was Jaspers, so I completely agree with your opinion. In my researches on existentialism, I have seen that every existentialist develop a different perception of "Angst", while having a common background (existence preceeds essence). in my opinion, Jaspers' and Hersch's existentialism leads to a better approach to reality. That's the reason why their existentialism reaches somehow more goals. Their horizon is wider because they have dealt with reality first. They preferred "to do" and to read ciphers in the world rather than just theorizing a philosophical system.
Yes. I remember when Jaspers talks about Das Umgreifende and the ciphers, like you say. Very interesting point!
Indeed. An interesting and essential point. The act of reading reality (Jaspers' ciphers) has become the hearth of contemporary thought after Kant Critics.
Exactly.
I see another point. Maybe the fear go before the state of nature or both are the same thing. Political thinkers forget the emotional factor when he describes the political reality. Instead ethical thinkers starts their reflections from emotions. The old philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas) regarded the role of emotions in practical life and politics. This factor disappeared in modern philosophy (Descartes, Locke, Spinoza, Hobbes, Kant, Hegel) due the predominace of rationalism and idealism. Only in XIX century, thinkers like Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche started to study the emotions, but none did it in the fileds of politics. Your perspective is very interesting.
Rafael, interesting... do you have a theory (explanation) for why passions, emotions, affective dimensions (e.g., fear) "disappeared" more or less in "modern philosophy"--I'm curious?
When I have to explain philosophy at school, I always use this example: you have to pretend that you are entering in a room for the first time. First of all, your attention is attracted by the biggest objects and by the details that catch your eye; then, while becoming familiar with the room, you start to notice other details and you go deeper and deeper, until you perfectly know the room. Modern thought was born as an answer to Middle Age thought, i.e. as an effort to give back importance to rationality, so it is a new way of looking at the world (remember my example, you have to consider that modern thinkers enter in a new room for the first time, so they describe the details that catch their eye). It is not completely true that Modern thinkers forget emotions (just consider that every philosophical system is born from something that causes wonder and leads the philosopher to prefer and to search for Truth, rather than spending his life in other ways. And this is an ethical/emotional start), it is better to say that they give more importance to rationality, since they think that it is the best way for giving back importance to man, avoiding God's blessing (if you're not convinced, consider that Spinoza's philosophical aim is to reach a political freedom for human flourishing through rationality. This is an ethical/emotional aim, just reached in a rational way. There are some new studies that consider Descartes philosophy with the same approach). For sure, you can find some Modern philosophers that forget the affective dimention, but that's not the mainstream of Modernity in the History of Thought.
Late Modern/early Contemporary philosophy is another special case, in which someone tries to save pure rationality from Kant's Critics. Hegel and Marx, for instance, try to save the pure scientific approach in philosophy, but, in 200/300 years of philosophy, philosophers have started to better know the new room they were in, finding a place for ethics and emotions in it. Fichte, Schelling and Feuerbach after Hegel, or Marxian thinkers after Marx, developped weaker thoughts that somehow betrayed their models; we can say the same thing of Positivism and similar thoughts that lead to contemporary Pragmatism or Utilitarism. In all these thoughts, you can feel the unnatural reduction that tries to hide and cover the emotional root of Man and Philosophy.
-
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
of 8 Next